Write your first Kubernetes charm for a Flask app on Ubuntu 26.04

Imagine you have a Flask app backed up by a database such as PostgreSQL and need to deploy it. In a traditional setup, this can be quite a challenge, but with Charmcraft you’ll find yourself packaging and deploying your Flask app in no time.

In this tutorial we will build a Kubernetes charm for a Flask app using Charmcraft, so we can have a Flask app up and running with Juju. Let’s get started!

This tutorial should take 90 minutes for you to complete.

If you’re new to the charming world, Flask apps are specifically supported with a template to quickly generate a rock and a matching template to generate a charm. A rock is a special kind of OCI-compliant container image, while a charm is a software operator for cloud operations that use the Juju orchestration engine. The combined result is a Flask app that can be deployed, configured, scaled, integrated, and so on, on any Kubernetes cluster.

What you’ll need

  • A local system, e.g., a laptop, with AMD64 or ARM64 architecture which has sufficient resources to launch a virtual machine with 4 CPUs, 8 GB RAM, and a 60 GB disk.

  • Familiarity with Linux.

The RAM and disk space are necessary to set up all the required software and to facilitate the creation of the rock and charm. If your local system has less than the sufficient resources, the tutorial will take longer to complete.

What you’ll do

  1. Create a Flask app.

  2. Use that to create a rock with Rockcraft.

  3. Use that to create a charm with Charmcraft.

  4. Use that to test, deploy, configure, etc., your Flask app on a local Kubernetes cloud with Juju.

  5. Repeat the process, mimicking a real development process.

Important

Should you get stuck or notice issues, please get in touch on Matrix or Discourse

Set things up

First, install Multipass. Launch an Ubuntu 26.04 VM named charm-dev:

multipass launch --cpus 4 --disk 60G --memory 8G --name charm-dev 26.04
multipass shell charm-dev

Unless stated otherwise, work entirely within the VM from now on.

Install Rockcraft, Charmcraft, and uv

For the Ubuntu 26.04 extensions, use the candidate release of Rockcraft and the edge release of Charmcraft. Install these tools and uv, the charm’s Python dependency manager, with classic confinement, which grants them access to the whole file system:

sudo snap install rockcraft --channel latest/candidate --classic
sudo snap install charmcraft --channel latest/edge --classic
sudo snap install astral-uv --classic

Install LXD, Canonical Kubernetes, and Juju

LXD provides the build environment for the rock and charm. Make sure it is installed:

lxd --version

If LXD is not installed, install it with sudo snap install lxd.

Initialize LXD:

lxd init --auto

Canonical Kubernetes will host the Flask app and PostgreSQL. Install the Kubernetes and Juju snaps:

sudo snap install k8s --channel 1.34-classic/stable --classic
sudo snap install juju --channel 3.6/stable

Bootstrap a single-node cluster and enable local storage and Gateway API:

sudo k8s bootstrap --timeout 10m
sudo k8s status --wait-ready --timeout 10m
sudo k8s enable local-storage
sudo k8s enable gateway

The --wait-ready option waits for the cluster to become ready. Local storage supplies the volumes needed by Juju, PostgreSQL, and the image registry. Gateway API supplies the ingress controller used later in the tutorial.

Configure the load balancer to use the VM’s address, so the app will be accessible from outside the VM. Enable the load balancer:

sudo k8s enable load-balancer
sudo k8s kubectl wait --for=condition=Accepted gatewayclass/ck-gateway --timeout=5m

Save the node’s internal address in an environment variable and use it to set the address range for the load balancer:

export VM_IP=$(sudo k8s kubectl get nodes \
  -o jsonpath='{.items[0].status.addresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address}')
sudo k8s set load-balancer.cidrs="${VM_IP}/32"
printf 'VM address: %s\n' "$VM_IP"

Keep the printed VM address for any browser checks on your host machine. Later, the gateway action will return the full deployed app URL for browser and curl checks. The VM_IP variable is local to this VM terminal; it is not available in terminals on your host machine.

Create a local image registry

Canonical Kubernetes doesn’t include a registry addon. We’ll deploy an OCI registry in the cluster to store the rocks built during this tutorial. Download the registry manifest from the paas-charm repository:

curl --fail --location --output registry.yaml \
  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/canonical/paas-charm/main/docs/reuse/tutorial/registry_26_04.yaml

Apply the downloaded registry.yaml and wait for the registry to be ready:

sudo k8s kubectl apply -f registry.yaml
sudo k8s kubectl rollout status deployment/registry \
  -n charm-tutorial-registry --timeout=5m
curl --fail --retry 30 --retry-connrefused --retry-delay 2 "http://localhost:32000/v2/"

You can access the registry at localhost:32000 from within the VM. It uses a persistent volume so its images survive pod restarts. The NodePort service also exposes port 32000 on the VM’s network interfaces.

Bootstrap Juju

Register Canonical Kubernetes as a Juju cloud, then bootstrap the development controller:

mkdir -p ~/.local/share
sudo k8s config | juju add-k8s k8s --client
juju bootstrap k8s dev-controller --config bootstrap-timeout=600

It can take a few minutes to download the controller images.

The Ubuntu 26.04 extensions are experimental. Enable them for both tools in the terminal where you’ll build the rock and charm:

export ROCKCRAFT_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_EXTENSIONS=1
export CHARMCRAFT_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_EXTENSIONS=1

Let’s create a new directory for this tutorial and enter into it:

mkdir flask-hello-world
cd flask-hello-world

Finally, install python3-venv and create a virtual environment:

sudo apt update && sudo apt install python3-venv -y
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

Create the Flask app

Let’s start by creating the “Hello, world” Flask app that will be used for this tutorial.

Create a new requirements file with nano requirements.txt. Then, copy the following text into it, and save:

~/flask-hello-world/requirements.txt
Flask==3.1.3
psycopg2-binary==2.9.13

Note

The psycopg2-binary package is needed so the Flask app can connect to PostgreSQL, which we will do at the end of this tutorial.

Install the packages:

pip install -r requirements.txt

In the same directory, create a file called app.py. Then copy and save the following code into the file:

~/flask-hello-world/app.py
# initial hello world Flask app

import flask

app = flask.Flask(__name__)


@app.route("/")
def index():
    return flask.Response("Hello world!", mimetype="text/plain")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run()

Run the Flask app locally

Now that we have a virtual environment with all the dependencies, let’s run the Flask app to verify that it works:

flask run -p 8000

Verify the app

Test the Flask app by using curl to send a request to the root endpoint. You will need a new terminal for this; use multipass shell charm-dev to open a new terminal in Multipass:

curl localhost:8000 | python3 -c 'import sys; body = sys.stdin.buffer.read(); assert body == b"Hello world!"; sys.stdout.buffer.write(body)'

The Flask app should respond with Hello world!.

Close the app

The Flask app looks good, so we can stop it for now from the original terminal using Ctrl + C.

Pack the Flask app into a rock

Now let’s create a container image for our Flask app. We’ll use a rock, which is an OCI-compliant container image based on Ubuntu.

First, we’ll need a rockcraft.yaml project file. We’ll take advantage of a pre-defined extension in Rockcraft with the --profile flag that caters initial rock files for specific web app frameworks. Using the flask-framework profile, Rockcraft automates the creation of rockcraft.yaml and tailors the file for a Flask app. From the ~/flask-hello-world directory, initialize the rock:

rockcraft init --profile flask-framework --base ubuntu@26.04

The rockcraft.yaml file will automatically be created and set the name based on your working directory.

The Ubuntu 26.04 profile uses a bare runtime base and Ubuntu 26.04 as its build environment. Keep these generated settings.

Let’s verify that the project file is compatible with your host machine. Check the architecture of your system:

dpkg --print-architecture

Check out the contents of rockcraft.yaml:

cat rockcraft.yaml

The top of the file should look similar to the following snippet:

~/flask-hello-world/rockcraft.yaml
# See https://documentation.ubuntu.com/rockcraft/1/reference/extensions/flask-framework
# For questions or help, visit https://matrix.to/#/#12-factor-charms:ubuntu.com

name: flask-hello-world
# see https://documentation.ubuntu.com/rockcraft/1/explanation/bases/
# for more information about bases and using 'bare' bases for chiselled rocks
base: bare # as an alternative, an ubuntu base can be used
build-base: ubuntu@26.04 # build-base is required when the base is bare
version: "0.1" # just for humans. Semantic versioning is recommended
summary: A summary of your Flask application # 79 char long summary
description: |
  This is flask-hello-world's description. You have a paragraph or two to tell the
  most important story about it. Keep it under 100 words though,
  we live in tweetspace and your description wants to look good in the
  container registries out there.
# the platforms this rock should be built on and run on.
# you can check your architecture with `dpkg --print-architecture`
platforms:
  amd64:
  # arm64:
  # ppc64el:
  # s390x:

Verify that the name is flask-hello-world.

The platforms key must match the architecture of your host. Edit the platforms key in rockcraft.yaml if required.

Now let’s pack the rock:

rockcraft pack

Depending on your system and network, this step can take several minutes to finish.

Once Rockcraft has finished packing the Flask rock, the terminal will respond with something similar to Packed flask-hello-world_0.1_<architecture>.rock. The file name reflects your system’s architecture. After the initial pack, subsequent rock packings are faster.

The rock needs to be copied to the local OCI registry. This registry acts as a temporary Docker Hub, storing OCI archives so they can be downloaded and deployed in the Kubernetes cluster. Copy the rock:

rockcraft.skopeo copy \
  --insecure-policy \
  --dest-tls-verify=false \
  oci-archive:flask-hello-world_0.1_$(dpkg --print-architecture).rock \
  docker://localhost:32000/flask-hello-world:0.1

This command contains the following pieces:

  • --insecure-policy: adopts a permissive policy that removes the need for a dedicated policy file.

  • --dest-tls-verify=false: disables the need for HTTPS and verify certificates while interacting with the local OCI registry.

  • oci-archive: specifies the rock we created for our Flask app.

  • docker: specifies the name of the image in the local OCI registry.

Create the charm

From the ~/flask-hello-world directory, let’s create a new directory for the charm and go inside it:

mkdir charm
cd charm

Similar to the rock, we’ll take advantage of a pre-defined extension in Charmcraft with the --profile flag that caters initial charm files for specific web app frameworks. Using the flask-framework profile, Charmcraft automates the creation of the files needed for our charm, including a charmcraft.yaml project file, pyproject.toml and source code for the charm. The source code contains the logic required to operate the Flask app.

Initialize a charm named flask-hello-world:

charmcraft init --profile flask-framework --name flask-hello-world --base ubuntu@26.04

The files will automatically be created in your working directory.

The Ubuntu 26.04 profile uses the uv plugin and pyproject.toml for the charm dependencies. These dependencies are separate from those of your web app. Use uv, installed during setup, to create the lockfile before packing:

uv lock

The charm needs to know which port the app listens on. paas-config.yaml contains settings that the charm uses to run your app. Charmcraft packages this file with the charm, and the charm reads it when configuring the workload. Unlike options set with juju config, these settings are part of the packaged charm; changing them requires repacking and refreshing it.

Create paas-config.yaml beside charmcraft.yaml with the following content to set the app’s runtime port:

~/flask-hello-world/charm/paas-config.yaml
port: 8000

The port key replaces the Juju app-port option.

Tip

Want to learn more about all the configurations in the flask-framework profile? Run charmcraft expand-extensions from the ~/flask-hello-world/charm/ directory.

Let’s pack the charm:

charmcraft pack

Depending on your system and network, this step can take several minutes to finish.

Once Charmcraft has finished packing the charm, the terminal will respond with something similar to Packed flask-hello-world_<architecture>.charm. The file name reflects your system’s architecture. After the initial pack, subsequent charm packings are faster.

Deploy the Flask app

So far, we’ve packed our Flask app into a rock and used that rock to create our corresponding charm. Now we have all the materials necessary to deploy the Flask app with Juju.

A Juju model is needed to handle Kubernetes resources while deploying the Flask app. The Juju model holds the app along with any supporting components. In this tutorial, our model will hold the Flask app, ingress, and a PostgreSQL database.

Let’s create a new model:

juju add-model flask-hello-world

Constrain the Juju model to your architecture:

juju set-model-constraints -m flask-hello-world arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture)

Now let’s use the OCI image we previously uploaded to deploy the Flask app. Deploy using Juju by specifying the OCI image name with the --resource option:

juju deploy \
  ./flask-hello-world_$(dpkg --print-architecture).charm \
  flask-hello-world --resource \
  app-image=localhost:32000/flask-hello-world:0.1

It will take a few minutes to deploy the Flask app. You can run juju status to monitor its progress:

juju status --watch 2s

It can take a couple of minutes for the app to finish the deployment. Once the status of the App has gone to active, you can stop watching using Ctrl + C. To monitor your deployment, keep a juju status session active in a second terminal.

The Flask app should now be running. We can monitor the status of the deployment using juju status which should be similar to the following output:

ubuntu@charm-dev:~/flask-hello-world/charm$
juju status
Model              Controller      Cloud/Region        Version  SLA          Timestamp
flask-hello-world  dev-controller  k8s  3.6.2    unsupported  17:04:11+10:00

App           Version  Status  Scale  Charm              Channel  Rev  Address         Exposed  Message
flask-hello-world      active      1  flask-hello-world             0  10.152.183.166  no

Unit                  Workload  Agent  Address      Ports  Message
flask-hello-world/0*  active    idle   10.1.87.213

Let’s expose the app using ingress so that we can access it. Deploy the gateway-api-integrator charm and integrate it with the Flask app:

juju deploy gateway-api-integrator --channel=1/edge --trust
juju integrate gateway-api-integrator flask-hello-world

Configure the Gateway API integrator to use Canonical Kubernetes’ ck-gateway class and serve HTTP on its load-balancer IP address:

juju config gateway-api-integrator \
  gateway-class=ck-gateway enforce-https=false

We’ll leave external-hostname unset, and we won’t add a certificates relation for this isolated development VM. Use a domain and TLS in production.

Monitor juju status until everything has a status of active. In the VM terminal, ask the gateway for the published endpoints:

juju run gateway-api-integrator/leader get-proxied-endpoints

The proxied-endpoints result contains a JSON object, for example:

proxied-endpoints: '{"gateway-api-integrator": {"url": "http://10.115.29.100"}, "flask-hello-world": {"url": "http://10.115.29.100/flask-hello-world-flask-hello-world"}}'

Copy the complete url for your application, not the gateway-api-integrator entry. The example address will differ on your VM. The app URL already includes its routing prefix; the gateway strips this prefix before forwarding requests to the app.

In the VM terminal, save that URL for the following commands, replacing <app-url> with the value returned by the action:

export APP_URL='<app-url>'

Use the same complete URL directly in a browser on your host machine. No DNS entry or custom Host header is needed. APP_URL exists only in the VM terminal where you exported it; repeat the export with the same returned URL if you open another VM terminal. If the gateway address changes, run the action again and update APP_URL.

Test the deployment by opening the returned app URL in your host’s browser or sending a request in the VM terminal:

curl "$APP_URL"

The request should return Hello world!.

The development cycle

So far, we have worked through the entire cycle, from creating an app to deploying it. But now – as in every real-world case – we will go through the experience of iterating to develop the app, and deploy each iteration.

Provide a configuration

To demonstrate how to provide a configuration to the Flask app, we will make the greeting configurable. The app will read this configuration from the GREETING_VAR environment variable. Return to the ~/flask-hello-world directory and copy the following code into app.py:

~/flask-hello-world/app.py
# Flask app with a greeting configuration

import os

import flask

app = flask.Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_prefixed_env()


@app.route("/")
def index():
    greeting = os.getenv("GREETING_VAR", "Hello, world!")
    return flask.Response(greeting, mimetype="text/plain")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run()

Update the rock

Increment the version in rockcraft.yaml to 0.2 such that the top of the rockcraft.yaml file looks similar to the following:

~/flask-hello-world/rockcraft.yaml
# See https://documentation.ubuntu.com/rockcraft/1/reference/extensions/flask-framework
# For questions or help, visit https://matrix.to/#/#12-factor-charms:ubuntu.com

name: flask-hello-world
# see https://documentation.ubuntu.com/rockcraft/1/explanation/bases/
# for more information about bases and using 'bare' bases for chiselled rocks
base: bare # as an alternative, an ubuntu base can be used
build-base: ubuntu@26.04 # build-base is required when the base is bare
version: "0.2" # just for humans. Semantic versioning is recommended
summary: A summary of your Flask application # 79 char long summary
description: |
  This is flask-hello-world's description. You have a paragraph or two to tell the
  most important story about it. Keep it under 100 words though,
  we live in tweetspace and your description wants to look good in the
  container registries out there.
# the platforms this rock should be built on and run on.
# you can check your architecture with `dpkg --print-architecture`
platforms:
  amd64:
  # arm64:
  # ppc64el:
  # s390x:

Let’s pack and upload the new version of the rock:

rockcraft pack
rockcraft.skopeo --insecure-policy copy --dest-tls-verify=false \
  oci-archive:flask-hello-world_0.2_$(dpkg --print-architecture).rock \
  docker://localhost:32000/flask-hello-world:0.2

Update the charm

Return to the charm directory.

The flask-framework Charmcraft extension supports adding configurations to charmcraft.yaml which will be passed as environment variables to the Flask app. Add the following to the end of the charmcraft.yaml file:

~/flask-hello-world/charm/charmcraft.yaml
# configuration snippet for Flask application with a configuration

config:
  options:
    greeting:
      description: |
        The greeting to be returned by the Flask application.
      default: "Hello, world!"
      type: string

Replace paas-config.yaml with the following content to map the new greeting option to GREETING_VAR, matching the app code:

~/flask-hello-world/charm/paas-config.yaml
port: 8000
config:
  options:
    greeting:
      env-var: GREETING_VAR

The option is declared in charmcraft.yaml. By default, greeting would be exposed as FLASK_GREETING. Setting env-var overrides that name with GREETING_VAR, without adding a framework prefix or changing the option’s value. Changing the packaged mapping requires repacking the charm; changing the greeting value through Juju does not require rebuilding the rock. The paas-config.yaml reference describes the other packaged settings.

We can now pack and deploy the new version of the Flask app:

charmcraft pack
juju refresh flask-hello-world \
  --path=./flask-hello-world_$(dpkg --print-architecture).charm \
  --resource app-image=localhost:32000/flask-hello-world:0.2

Monitor juju status until the app goes back to active again. Verify that the new configuration has been added:

juju config flask-hello-world | grep -A 6 greeting:

Check that the response is now Hello, world! using:

curl "$APP_URL"

Now let’s change the greeting:

juju config flask-hello-world greeting='Hi!'

Wait for the app to restart, then check the response:

curl "$APP_URL"

The response should now return the updated Hi! greeting.

Integrate with a database

Now let’s keep track of how many visitors your app has received. This will require integration with a database to keep the visitor count. This will require a few changes:

  • We will need to create a database migration that creates the visitors table.

  • We will need to keep track of how many times the root endpoint has been called in the database.

  • We will need to add a new endpoint to retrieve the number of visitors from the database.

Let’s start with the database migration to create the required tables. The charm created by the flask-framework extension will execute the migrate.py script if it exists. This script should ensure that the database is initialized and ready to be used by the app. We will create a migrate.py file containing this logic.

Return to the ~/flask-hello-world directory, create the migrate.py file, open the file using a text editor and paste the following code into it:

~/flask-hello-world/migrate.py
# Adds database to Flask application

import os

import psycopg2


DATABASE_URI = os.environ["POSTGRESQL_DB_CONNECT_STRING"]


def migrate():
    with psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URI) as conn, conn.cursor() as cur:
        cur.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS visitors (
                timestamp TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
                user_agent TEXT NOT NULL
            );
        """)
        conn.commit()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    migrate()

Note

The charm will pass the database connection string in the POSTGRESQL_DB_CONNECT_STRING environment variable once PostgreSQL has been integrated with the charm.

You can also visit Regarding the migrate.sh file to learn how to use the migrate.sh file and run CLI tools for database migration in production. Alternatively, use a different tooling for migration, for example Alembic.

Update the rock again

Increment the version in rockcraft.yaml to 0.3 such that the top of the rockcraft.yaml file looks similar to the following:

~/flask-hello-world/rockcraft.yaml
# See https://documentation.ubuntu.com/rockcraft/1/reference/extensions/flask-framework
# For questions or help, visit https://matrix.to/#/#12-factor-charms:ubuntu.com

name: flask-hello-world
# see https://documentation.ubuntu.com/rockcraft/1/explanation/bases/
# for more information about bases and using 'bare' bases for chiselled rocks
base: bare # as an alternative, an ubuntu base can be used
build-base: ubuntu@26.04 # build-base is required when the base is bare
version: "0.3" # just for humans. Semantic versioning is recommended
summary: A summary of your Flask application # 79 char long summary
description: |
  This is flask-hello-world's description. You have a paragraph or two to tell the
  most important story about it. Keep it under 100 words though,
  we live in tweetspace and your description wants to look good in the
  container registries out there.
# the platforms this rock should be built on and run on.
# you can check your architecture with `dpkg --print-architecture`
platforms:
  amd64:
  # arm64:
  # ppc64el:
  # s390x:

The app code also needs to be updated to keep track of the number of visitors and to include a new endpoint to retrieve the number of visitors to the app. Open app.py in a text editor and replace its contents with the following code:

~/flask-hello-world/app.py
# Flask application that keeps track of visitors using a database

import datetime
import os

import flask
import psycopg2

app = flask.Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_prefixed_env()

DATABASE_URI = os.environ["POSTGRESQL_DB_CONNECT_STRING"]


@app.route("/")
def index():
    with psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URI) as conn, conn.cursor() as cur:
        user_agent = flask.request.headers.get('User-Agent')
        timestamp = datetime.datetime.now()

        cur.execute(
            "INSERT INTO visitors (timestamp, user_agent) VALUES (%s, %s)",
            (timestamp, user_agent)
        )
        conn.commit()


    greeting = os.getenv("GREETING_VAR", "Hello, world!")
    return flask.Response(greeting, mimetype="text/plain")


@app.route("/visitors")
def visitors():
    with psycopg2.connect(DATABASE_URI) as conn, conn.cursor() as cur:
        cur.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM visitors")
        total_visitors = cur.fetchone()[0]

    return flask.Response(f"Number of visitors {total_visitors}", mimetype="text/plain")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run()

Let’s pack and upload the new version of the rock:

rockcraft pack
rockcraft.skopeo --insecure-policy copy --dest-tls-verify=false \
  oci-archive:flask-hello-world_0.3_$(dpkg --print-architecture).rock \
  docker://localhost:32000/flask-hello-world:0.3

Update the charm again

Return to the charm directory.

The Flask app now requires a database which needs to be declared in the charmcraft.yaml file. Open charmcraft.yaml in a text editor and add the following section to the end of the file:

~/flask-hello-world/charm/charmcraft.yaml
# requires snippet for Flask application with a database

requires:
  postgresql:
    interface: postgresql_client
    optional: false

We can now pack and deploy the new version of the Flask app:

charmcraft pack
juju refresh flask-hello-world \
  --path=./flask-hello-world_$(dpkg --print-architecture).charm \
  --resource app-image=localhost:32000/flask-hello-world:0.3

Now let’s deploy PostgreSQL and integrate it with the Flask app:

juju deploy postgresql-k8s --trust --channel 14/stable
juju integrate flask-hello-world postgresql-k8s

Wait for juju status to show that the App is active again. During this time, the Flask app may enter a blocked state as it waits to become integrated with the PostgreSQL database. Due to the optional: false key in the endpoint definition, the Flask app will not start until the database is ready.

Send a request to the endpoint:

curl "$APP_URL"

It should still return the Hi! greeting.

Check the total number of visitors:

curl "${APP_URL%/}/visitors"

This request should return Number of visitors 1 after the previous request to the root endpoint. This should be incremented each time the root endpoint is requested. If we repeat this process, the output should be as follows:

ubuntu@charm-dev:~/flask-hello-world/charm$
curl "$APP_URL"
Hi!
ubuntu@charm-dev:~/flask-hello-world/charm$
curl "${APP_URL%/}/visitors"
Number of visitors 2

Tear things down

If you’d like to quickly tear things down, start by exiting the Multipass VM:

exit

And then you can proceed with its deletion:

multipass delete charm-dev
multipass purge

If you’d like to manually reset your working environment, you can run the following in the project directory ~/flask-hello-world/charm for the tutorial:

charmcraft clean
# Back out to main directory for cleanup
cd ..
rockcraft clean
# exit and delete the virtual environment
deactivate
rm -rf charm .venv __pycache__
# delete all the files created during the tutorial
rm flask-hello-world_0.1_$(dpkg --print-architecture).rock \
  flask-hello-world_0.2_$(dpkg --print-architecture).rock \
  flask-hello-world_0.3_$(dpkg --print-architecture).rock \
  rockcraft.yaml app.py requirements.txt migrate.py
# Remove the juju model
juju destroy-model flask-hello-world --destroy-storage --no-prompt --force

You can also clean up your Multipass instance by exiting and deleting it using the same commands as above.

Conclusion and next steps

You’ve reached the end of this tutorial. You made it through the entire development process, including:

  • Creating a Flask app

  • Deploying the app locally

  • Packaging the app using Rockcraft

  • Building the app with Ops code using Charmcraft

  • Deploying the app using Juju

  • Exposing the app using an ingress

  • Configuring the app

  • Integrating the app with a database

Please provide feedback about your experience with this tutorial by completing the following Google form: 26.04 tutorial feedback

By the end of this tutorial you built a charm and evolved it in a number of typical ways. But there is a lot more to explore:

If you are wondering…

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How to manage a 12-factor app charm

“How do I debug?”

Troubleshoot a 12-factor app charm

Juju | Debug a charm

“How do I get in touch?”

Matrix channel

“What is…?”

flask-framework extension in Rockcraft

flask-framework extension in Charmcraft

Juju | Reference

“Why…?”, “So what?”

12-Factor app principles and support in Charmcraft and Rockcraft